🌱 Mishnah Kilayim 7

הַמַּבְרִיךְ אֶת הַגֶּפֶן בָּאָרֶץ, אִם אֵין עָפָר עַל גַּבָּהּ שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים, לֹא יָבִיא זֶרַע עָלֶיהָ, אֲפִלּוּ הִבְרִיכָהּ בִּדְלַעַת אוֹ בְסִילוֹן. הִבְרִיכָהּ בְּסֶלַע, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין עָפָר עַל גַּבָּהּ אֶלָּא שָׁלֹשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת, מֻתָּר לְהָבִיא זֶרַע עָלֶיהָ. הָאַרְכֻּבָּה שֶׁבַּגֶּפֶן, אֵין מוֹדְדִין לָהּ אֶלָּא מִן הָעִקָּר הַשֵּׁנִי:

If one has bent a vine into the ground [and then brought it back up elsewhere], then if there is not soil over it to the height of three handbreadths, he may not sow seed above it, even if he bent [and conducted it underground] through a gourd or through a pipe. If he bent it [and conducted] it through rocky soil, then even if there is not soil over it only to the height of three fingerbreadths, it is permitted to sow seed above it. As for a knee-like vine [formed by burying and conducting it underground], they don’t measure [for how much space to work it] except from its second root.

הַמַּבְרִיךְ שָׁלֹשׁ גְּפָנִים וְעִקָּרֵיהֶם נִרְאִים, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בַּר צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר, אִם יֵשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶם מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְעַד שְׁמֹנֶה, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מִצְטָרְפוֹת. וְאִם לָאו, אֵינָן מִצְטָרְפוֹת. גֶּפֶן שֶׁיָּבְשָׁה, אֲסוּרָה וְאֵינָהּ מְקַדֶּשֶׁת. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, אַף צֶמֶר גֶּפֶן אָסוּר וְאֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּר צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר מִשְּׁמוֹ, אַף עַל גַּבֵּי הַגֶּפֶן אָסוּר וְאֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ:

One who has bent [and conducted underground] three vines, and their [original] stems are visible, Rabbi Elazar bar Tzadok says: if there is between them from four to eight cubits, they combine, if not, they do not combine. A vine which has dried up, it is forbidden [to sow near it], but it does not prohibit [the seed as kilayim]. Rabbi Meir said: the same applies to a cotton plant, it is forbidden [to sow near it], but it does not prohibit [the seed as kilayim]. Rabbi Elazar bar Tzadok said in his name: above the vine too, it is forbidden [to sow near it], but it does not prohibit [the seed as kilayim].

אֵלּוּ אוֹסְרִין וְלֹא מְקַדְּשִׁין. מוֹתַר חָרְבַּן הַכֶּרֶם, מוֹתַר מְחוֹל הַכֶּרֶם, מוֹתַר פִּסְקֵי עָרִיס, מוֹתַר אַפִּיפְיָרוֹת. אֲבָל תַּחַת הַגֶּפֶן, וַעֲבוֹדַת הַגֶּפֶן, וְאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת שֶׁבַּכֶּרֶם, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מִתְקַדְּשׁוֹת:

The following are forbidden, but they do not prohibit [the seed sown there]:The remainder of a [legally inadequate] empty patch (karahat) of a vineyard. The remainder of a [legally inadequate] mehol of a vineyard. The remainder of a [legally inadequate] aris-gap. The [ground under the] remainder of papyrus-ropes [of a trellis]. But [the ground] beneath a vine, and within the place left to work a vine, and the [ground within] four cubits of a vineyard, these do prohibit the [seed sown there].

הַמְסַכֵּךְ אֶת גַּפְנוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי תְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ, הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ, וְחַיָּב בְּאַחֲרָיוּתוֹ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמְרִים, אֵין אָדָם מְקַדֵּשׁ דָּב��ר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ:

One who causes his vine to overhang his fellow’s grain, behold he has caused the grain to be prohibited and he is responsible for it. Rabbi Yose and Rabbi Shimon say: a person does not prohibit [as kilayim] that which is not his own.

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאֶחָד שֶׁזָּרַע אֶת כַּרְמוֹ בַּשְּׁבִיעִית, וּבָא מַעֲשֶׂה לִפְנֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, וְאָמַר, אֵין אָדָם מְקַדֵּשׁ דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ:

Rabbi Yose said: It happened that a man sowed [seed in] his vineyard in the sabbatical year, and the matter came before Rabbi Akiva, who said: a person does not prohibit [as kilayim] that which is not his own.

הָאַנָּס שֶׁזָּרַע אֶת הַכֶּרֶם וְיָצָא מִלְּפָנָיו, קוֹצְרוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בַמּוֹעֵד. עַד כַּמָּה הוּא נוֹתֵן לַפּוֹעֲלִים, עַד שְׁלִישׁ. יָתֵר מִכָּאן, קוֹצֵר כְּדַרְכּוֹ וְהוֹלֵךְ אֲפִלּוּ לְאַחַר הַמּוֹעֵד. מֵאֵימָתַי הוּא נִקְרָא אַנָּס, מִשֶּׁיִּשְׁקָע:

If a forceful occupier (anas) has sown seed in a vineyard, and it went out of his possession [and reverted to the rightful owner], he (the original owner) should cut it down, even during hol hamoed. Up to what amount should he pay the workers? Up to a third. If [they demand] more than this, he should cut it in his usual way even if he has to keep cutting after the festival. At what point is he considered a forceful occupier (anas)? From the [the name of the original owner] has sunk [into oblivion].

הָרוּחַ שֶׁעִלְעֲלָה אֶת הַגְּפָנִים עַל גַּבֵּי תְבוּאָה, יִגְדֹּר מִיָּד. אִם אֵרְעוֹ אֹנֶס, מֻתָּר. תְּבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁהָיְתָה נוֹטָה תַּחַת הַגֶּפֶן, וְכֵן בְּיָרָק, מַחֲזִיר וְאֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ. מֵאֵימָתַי תְּבוּאָה מִתְקַדֶּשֶׁת, מִשֶּׁתַּשְׁרִישׁ. וַעֲנָבִים, מִשֶּׁיֵּעָשׂוּ כְּפוֹל הַלָּבָן. תְּבוּאָה שֶׁיָּבְשָׁה כָּל צָרְכָּהּ, וַעֲנָבִים שֶׁבָּשְׁלוּ כָּל צָרְכָּן, אֵין מִתְקַדְּשׁוֹת:

If wind has blown vines [so that they hang over] grain, one should immediately fence them apart. If an unforeseeable event occurred to him, it [the grain] is permitted. If grain is bent [and the ears reach] beneath a vine, similarly in the case of vegetables, one should turn them back, and it does not prohibit [as kilayim]. From what stage does grain prohibit kilayim? From the time it has struck root. And grapes? From the time they become as large as white beans. Grain which has become completely dried out, and grapes which have fully ripened no longer prohibit as kilayim.

עָצִיץ נָקוּב מְקַדֵּשׁ בַּכֶּרֶם, וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ נָקוּב אֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ. וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, זֶה וְזֶה אוֹסְרִין וְלֹא מְקַדְּשִׁין. הַמַּעֲבִיר עָצִיץ נָקוּב בַּכֶּרֶם, אִם הוֹסִיף בְּמָאתַיִם, אָסוּר:

[Seed sown in a] perforated flowerpot, prohibits [as kilayim] in a vineyard. [In] one not perforated, does not prohibit [as kilayim]. Rabbi Shimon says: both are forbidden but neither prohibits. One who carries a perforated flowerpot through a vineyard, if [that which is sown in it] grows a two-hundredth part, it is forbidden.